林业系统森林资源管理培训教材

　林业 系统 森林资源管理

　培训教材

　 1 目 目

　 录

　第一章

　概论 ·························································· 1

　第一节

　 森林资源管理概述 ··········································· 1

　一、森林资源管理的概念及特征 ········································ 1

　（一）森林资源的概念 ······························································· 1

　（二）森林资源管理的概念 ························································· 1

　（三）我国森林资源的基本特征 ··················································· 2

　1、森林资源的地理区域分布 ··································································· 2 （1）东北林区：包括黑龙江、吉林两省及内蒙古自治区东北部 ··················· 2 （2）西南林区：包括四川、云南两省和西藏自治区 ·································· 2 （3）东南、华南丘陵山地林区 ····························································· 2 2、建国以来森林资源培育与管理 ····························································· 3 （1）努力增加森林资源 ······································································ 3 （2）以保护生态环境为主的林业建设重点转移 ········································ 3 （3）森林和野生动植物资源及生物多样性的保护 ····································· 3 （4）林业法制和执法队伍建设 ····························································· 4 3、当前森林资源状况与社会经济的发展仍不协调 ········································ 5 （1）森林资源总量不足 ······································································ 5 （2）森林资源质量不高 ······································································ 5 （3）森林资源增长缓慢，破坏严重 ······················································· 5 （4）林业生产力发展滞后 ··································································· 6 4、社会对森林资源的需求正处在深刻变化时期 ··········································· 6 （1）供求关系的明显变化 ··································································· 6 （2）消费层次的明显变化 ··································································· 6 （3）资源配置方式的明显变化 ····························································· 6 二、林政管理与森林资源管理 ··········································· 7

　（一）我国的林政管理概述 ························································· 7

　（二）林政管理与森林资源管理的关系 ··········································· 8

　（三）森林资源管理的必要性和意义 ·············································· 8

　1、维护生态平衡的需要 ········································································· 9 2、发展林业的需要 ··············································································· 9 3、是确保森林资源的安全的需要 ····························································· 9 4、是实现合理利用森林资源的需要 ·························································· 9 第二节

　森林资源管理的内容及要求 ·························· 11

　一、森林资源管理的内容 ··············································· 11

　（一）森林资源管理的基本任务 ················································· 11

　（二）森林资源管理的内容 ······················································· 11

　1、基本内容 ······················································································· 11 （1）基础管理 ················································································· 11

　 2 （2）利用管理 ················································································· 11 （3）监督管理 ················································································· 12 2、具体内容 ······················································································· 12 二、森林资源管理的基本要求 ········································· 12

　（一）提高对森林资源管理重要地位的认识 ··································· 12

　（二）严格执行所确立的各项森林资源管理法律制度 ······················· 13

　（三）强化林地利用监督管理 ···················································· 13

　（四）切实加强对野生动植物和自然保护区的管理 ·························· 13

　（五）加强森林资源管理基础建设和林业行政执法 ·························· 13

　（六）加强森林资源监测和监督工作 ············································ 14

　（七）坚决实施森林经营方案 ···················································· 14

　第二章

　森林资源调查 ············································ 15

　第一节

　 森林资源调查概述 ·········································· 15

　一、森林资源调查的目的和任务 ······································ 15

　二、森林资源调查体系 ·················································· 16

　（一）我国森林资源调查技术与体系建设的发展概况 ······················· 16

　（二）我国森林资源调查的分类 ················································· 17

　1、全国森林资源清查 ··········································································· 17 2、经营规划调查 ················································································· 18 3、作业设计调查 ················································································· 18 （三）森林资源调查的主要技术方法 ············································ 18

　1、什么叫森林资源抽样调查 ·································································· 18 （1）变量（变数）

　··········································································· 18 （2）误差和偏差 ·············································································· 19 （3）样本大小 ················································································· 19 2、森林抽样调查的运算基础 ·································································· 20 （1）标志的符号和下标 ····································································· 20 （2）总和符号的运算 ········································································ 20 （3）抽样调查的几个特征数 ······························································· 20 3、什么是连续森林资源清查 ·································································· 24 4、几种常用抽样调查方法的简单介绍 ······················································ 24 （1）简单随机抽样 ··········································································· 24 （2）系统（机械）抽样 ····································································· 24 （3）分层抽样拥查 ··········································································· 25 （4）二阶（多阶）抽样 ····································································· 25 （5）成群（团）抽样 ········································································ 25 （6）双重抽样 ················································································· 25 （7）回归估测 ················································································· 26 （8）六株木抽样 ·············································································· 26 （9）比估计 ···················································································· 26 三、现行的主要技术规定与要求 ······································ 26

　（一）土地类型（地类）的划分 ················································· 26

　 3 1、有林地 ·························································································· 27 （1）乔木林 ···················································································· 27 （2）红树林 ···················································································· 27 （3）竹林 ······················································································· 27 2、疏林地 ·························································································· 28 3、灌木林地 ······················································································· 28 （1）国家特别规定灌木林地 ······························································· 28 （2）其它灌木林地 ··········································································· 28 4、未成林地 ······················································································· 28 （1）未成林造林地 ··········································································· 28 （2）未成林封育地 ··········································································· 28 5、苗圃地 ·························································································· 28 6、无立木林地 ···················································································· 29 （1）采伐迹地 ················································································· 29 （2）火烧迹地 ················································································· 29 （3）其它无立木林地 ········································································ 29 7、宜林地 ·························································································· 29 8、林业辅助生产用地 ··········································································· 29 9、非林地 ·························································································· 29 （1）耕地 ······················································································· 29 （2）牧草地 ···················································································· 29 （3）水域 ······················································································· 30 （4）未利用地 ················································································· 30 （5）建设用地 ················································································· 30 （二）森林类别的划分 ····························································· 30

　1、生态公益林 ···················································································· 30 2、商品林 ·························································································· 30 （三）林种划分 ······································································ 30

　1、防护林 ·························································································· 31 （1）水源涵养林 ·············································································· 31 （2）水土保持林 ·············································································· 31 （3）防风固沙林 ·············································································· 32 （4）农田牧场防护林 ········································································ 32 （5）护岸林 ···················································································· 32 （6）护路林 ···················································································· 32 （7）其它防护林 ·············································································· 32 2、特种用途林 ···················································································· 33 （1）国防林 ···················································································· 33 （2）实验林 ···················································································· 33 （3）母树林 ···················································································· 33 （4）环境保护林 ·············································································· 33 （5）风景林 ···················································································· 33 （6）名胜古迹和革命纪念林 ······························································· 33 （7）自然保护林 ·············································································· 33

　 4 3、用材林 ·························································································· 33 （1）短轮伐期用材林 ········································································ 33 （2）速生丰产用材林 ········································································ 33 （3）一般用材林 ·············································································· 33 4、薪炭林 ·························································································· 34 5、经济林 ·························································································· 34 （1）果树林 ···················································································· 34 （2）食用原料林 ·············································································· 34 （3）林化工业原料林 ········································································ 34 （4）药用林 ···················································································· 34 （5）其它经济林 ·············································································· 34 （四）树种（组）、优势树种（组）与树种组成划分 ························ 34

　1、树种（组）

　···················································································· 34 2、优势树种（组）

　·············································································· 34 3、树种组成 ······················································································· 34 （六）森林生态功能划分 ·························································· 35

　第二节

　 作业设计调查 ················································ 36

　一、作业设计调查的目的和要求 ······································ 36

　二、作业设计调查的种类和方法 ······································ 37

　三、森林采伐利用作业设计调查 ······································ 37

　（一）伐区设计调查的基本内容和主要技术要求 ····························· 37

　1、伐区调查 ······················································································· 37 2、伐区林分蓄积量调查，有条件的地方可采用全林实测法 ··························· 37 3、伐区调查中，要切实做好材种出材量调查 ············································· 37 4、伐区设计内容及采伐更新方式确定的原则要求 ······································· 38 （1）伐区设计内容 ··········································································· 38 （2）对用材林成熟林采伐方式 ···························································· 38 （3）迹地更新 ················································································· 38 （二）伐区调查 ······································································ 38

　1、准备工作 ······················································································· 38 2、外业小班调查 ················································································· 38 （1）区划并绘制抚育间伐小班图 ························································· 38 （2）临时标准地的设置与调查 ···························································· 38 （3）作业设施调查 ··········································································· 39 （三）采伐设计 ······································································ 39

　1、采伐设计的基本内容 ········································································ 39 2、用材林主伐设计要点 ········································································ 40 （1）采伐方式的确定 ········································································ 40 （2）采伐强度与对象的确定 ······························································· 40 （3）主要技术要求 ··········································································· 41 3、用材林抚育采伐设计要点 ·································································· 41 （1）林分选择条件 ··········································································· 41 （2）技术要求 ················································································· 42

　 5 4、防护林抚育采伐设计 ········································································ 42 （1）采伐对象与方式 ········································································ 42 （2）技术要求 ················································································· 43 5、改造采伐设计 ················································································· 43 （1）林分选择条件 ··········································································· 43 （2）技术措施 ················································································· 43 6、作业设计成果 ················································································· 43 （1）调查设计说明书 ········································································ 43 （2）伐区调查设计表 ········································································ 44 （3）伐区调查设计图 ········································································ 44 第三节

　 森林资源生长量调查 ······································· 44

　一、生长量的概念与种类 ··············································· 44

　二、单株木生长量测定的方法 ········································· 46

　（一）树高生长量的测定 ·························································· 46

　（二）直径生长量的测定 ·························································· 46

　（三）材积生长量的测定 ·························································· 46

　三、林分生长量的测定方法 ············································ 47

　（一）林分生长的特点 ····························································· 47

　（二）林分材积生长量的测定方法··············································· 47

　1、材积表法 ······················································································· 49 2、内插法（材积差法）

　········································································ 52 3、固定样地定期复查测定林分生长量 ······················································ 53 第四节

　 森林资源消 耗量调查 ······································· 53

　一、消耗量调查的目的与意义 ········································· 53

　二、消耗量与消耗结构调查的方法 ··································· 54

　（一）消耗量调查的基本任务 ···················································· 54

　（二）森林资源消耗的基本渠道 ················································· 54

　（三）消耗量调查的程序和方法 ················································· 55

　1、调查对象与项目的确定 ····································································· 55 2、调查的的基本程序 ··········································································· 55 3、调查的具体方法 ·············································································· 56 （1）正常采伐消耗商品材调查 ···························································· 56 （2）非商品性消耗林木的调查 ···························································· 56 三、调查成果的整理与编制 ············································ 56

　（一）各类型调查平均值的求算 ················································· 56

　1、同类型项目可用算术平均法 ······························································· 56 2、不同类型综合平均值应用加权平均计算 ················································ 56 （二）各渠道消耗量的计算 ······················································· 56

　（三）调查报告的编制 ····························································· 57

　1、调查工作概况 ················································································· 57 2、调查县的基本情况 ··········································································· 57

　 6 3、调查结果与分析 ·············································································· 57 4、通常要附的主要成果表 ····································································· 57 第五节

　 林木出材量调查 ············································· 57

　一、林木出材量调查的目的 ······...