国家开放大学电大本科《高级英语（1）》《社会学概论》形考网络课网考作业(合集)答案

　国家开放大学电大本科《高级英语 ⑴》《社会学概论》形考网络课网考作业（合集）答 案 《高级英语 （ 1»形考网络谋答案 形考任务 I I 题目 1 At the moment, I

　_________

　lots of new friends. 选择一项：

　A. makes B. "s making C. make D. ， ， m asking

　题目 2 People often

　___

　a club to make new friends. 选择一项：

　A. join

　B. joins C. are joining D. aren"t joining 题目 3 I phoned them last night but no one answered. They

　___________

　（be）

　out. 选择一项：

　A. couldn* t have B. can* t have seen C. mst have been

　D. will have been 题目 4 He

　____ be hungry - he* s just had lunch. 选择一项：

　A. must B. might C. ought to

　D. can"t

　题目 5 The best game to buy is

　_____

　Alien Control 3 or Virtual History. 选择一项: A. any B. either

　C. some D. none 题目 6 We only had

　_____ before the final. 选择一 • 项：

　A. the three rest day B. three days" rest

　C. three day" s rest D. the rest of three days 题目 7 I

　_

　buying her a cookery book for her birthday. 选择一项：

　A. expect B. manage C. might D. thought about

　题目 8 This is probably the dead

　__________ wallet. 选择一项：

　A. soldiers* B. the soldier* s C. soldiers D. soldier"s

　题目 9

　__

　the band

　__

　at the Rock Garden before? 选择一项：

　A. Has …been playing

　B. Is …playing C. Has ••• played

　D. Does …play 题目 10 They

　__

　which record company to sign a deal with. 选择一项：

　A. haven t decided

　B. haven* t been deciding C. don* t decide D. hasn* t decided 题目 11 When he crashed the car, he

　_____

　six bottles of beer. 选择一项：

　A. drank B. was drinking C. had drunk

　D. drinks 题目 12 When her brother was in prison, she

　___

　him every month. 选择一项：

　A. visits B. had visited C. visited

　D. was visiting 题目 13 You

　___

　buy a season ticket but a daily ticket is more expensive. 选择一项：

　A. can* t B. shouldn* t C. don"t have to

　D. mustn* t 题目 14 You ____

　tell anyone - it"s a secret!

　选择一项：

　B. don"t have to C. uustn"t

　D. have to 题目 15 Hurry up! They

　_________

　a group meeting in Room 6 soon. 选择一项：

　A. may have B. are having

　C. have had D. have 题目 16 Mrs. Porter* s heart is very weak and she is very ill. The doctors say she 选择一项：

　A. might B. "s

　 going to

　C. will D. must 题目 17 The motel __ by the Lewis family in the 1950s. 选择一项：

　A. is being started B. has been started C. started D. was started

　题目 18 Today, the motel ___ by members of the same family. 选择一项：

　A. has been managed B. was managed C. is nanaged

　D. will be managed 题目 19 die soon.

　She told me that she a car since 1990. 选择一项：

　A. didn"t drive B. wouldn* t drive C. wasn"t driving D. hadn"t driven

　题目 20 Darren said , “I don* t know how it happened." Darren said (that) _______________ .(变成间接引语) 选择一项：

　A. he didn* t know how it happened B. he didn* t knov how it had h^pened

　C. I didn"t know how it happened D. I don* t know how it happened 题目 1

　________

　you

　_________

　the supporters club* s Internet address? 选择一项：

　A. Do —

　know

　B. Does …know C. Are ― knowing D. Can …know 题目 2 He always

　_________

　the club* s newsletter. 选择一项：

　A. is writing B. writes

　C. write D. doesn* t write 题目 3 You

　____

　have seen her at the station - she was at home with me! 选择一项：

　A. may

　B. couldn"t

　C. should

　D. mustn"t 题目 4 He

　____

　be hungry - he* s just had lunch. 选择一项：

　A. must B. can"t

　C. might D. ought to 题目 5 The game is complex so you need

　____

　patience t 选择一项：

　A. some

　B. not much C. a few D. many 题目 6

　_____

　people prefer reality to the virtual world. 选择一项：

　A. Not any B. A little C. Much D. Most

　题目 7 We

　__

　to buy some drinks before we get on the train. 选择一项：

　A. need

　B. think about C. can D. stop 题目 8 You

　_

　make a cake for his birthday. learn it.

　选择一项：

　B. should

　C. need D. look forward to 题目 9 They

　__

　together for ten months. 选择一项：

　A. have been playing

　B. play C. have playing D. don* t play 题目 10 Critical Age

　__

　in Japan yet. 选择一项：

　A. aren* t playing B. haven"t played

　C. haven* t been playing D. don"t play 题目 11 I

　_

　with friends when someone stole their car. 选择一项：

　A. stay B. stayed C. was staying

　D. had stayed 题目 12 When the judge returned to the courtroom, everyone immediately

　________ up. 选择一项：

　A. had stood B. was standing C. stood

　D. stands 题目 13

　Hey girls,

　____

　you make us some sandwiches? 选择一项：

　A. can

　B. should C. must D. may 题目 14 We

　__

　forget it, s Dad"s 50th birthday next month. 选择一项：

　A. might not B. nustn* t

　C. don* t have to D. can* t 题目 15 Let*s not take the children to the science museum - I think they probably

　_______

　enjoy it. 选择一项：

　A. aren* t going to B. can C. won* t

　D. will 题目 16 I think computers _____

　become more intelligent than humans. I,m sure of it. 选择一项：

　A. are going to B. probably won* t C. will definitely

　D. might 题目 17 The wigwams __ from cloth or animal skins. 选择一项：

　A. aren"t made

　B. aren* t being made

　C. hadn* t been made D. isn* t made 题目 18 The Wigwam Motel, Arizona

　___ of Native American tents. 选择一项：

　A. has been made B. is made

　C. were made D. is making 题目 19 Darren said , “I don* t know how it happened." Darren said (that) _______________ .(变成间接引语) 选择一项：

　A. he didn* t know how it happened B. I don* t know how it happened C. he didn"t know hov it had happened

　D. I dicin" t know how it happened 题目 20 Kelly said, "I"ve never seen anything like that." Kelly said (that)

　________________________ .(变成间接引语) 选择一 • 项：

　A. she has never seen anything like that B. I had never seen anything like that C. she had never seen anything like that

　D. I have never seen anything like that 题目 1 The club* s committee members

　________

　a lot at the moment. 选择一项：

　A. is arguing B. are arguing

　C. argue D. argues

　题目 2 People often

　___

　a club to make new friends. 选择一项：

　A. join

　B. joins C. are joining D. aren* t joining 题目 3 You

　___

　have seen her at the station - she was at home with me! 选择一项：

　A. mustn* t B. may C. should D. couldn"t

　题目 4 I phoned them last night but no one answered. They

　___________

　(be) out. 选择一项：

　A. must have been

　B. will have been C. can* t have seen D. couldn* t have 题目 5 There are

　__

　Virtual History games available in the shop. 选择一项：

　A. most of B. a little C. much D. a few

　题目 6

　____

　people prefer reality to the virtual world. 选择一项：

　A. Not any B. Much C. A little

　D. Most He asked her __________

　a degree. 选择一项：

　A. did she have B. if she has C. if she had

　D. does she have 题目 8 We

　__

　to buy some drinks before we get on the train. 选择一项：

　A. need

　B. can C. think about D. stop 题目 9 Colin

　__

　the bass guitarist since Brian left. 选择一项：

　A. is B. was C. has been

　D. has been being 题目 10

　__

　the band

　__

　at the Rock Garden before? 选择一项：

　A. Has ― been playing B. Has ••• played

　C. Is …playing D. Does …play 题目 11 The police asked me where I

　___

　the night before. 选择一项：

　A. was sleeping B. slept D. had slept

　题目 12 When the judge returned to the courtroom, everyone immediately

　_______

　up. 选择一项：

　A. had stood B. stands C. stood

　D. was standing 题目 13 You

　_

　buy a season ticket but a daily ticket is more expensive. 选择一项：

　A. mustn* t B. don"t have to

　C. shouldn* t D. can* t 题目 14 We

　__

　forget it* s Dad, s 50th birthday next month. 选择一项：

　A. mustn"t

　B. might not C. don* t have to D. can* t 题目 15 I think computers

　___

　become more intelligent than humans. I,m sure of it. 选择一项：

　A. probably won* t B. might C. will definitely

　D. are going to

　题目 16 Mrs. Porter* s heart is very weak and she is very ill. The doctors say she _ 选择一 • 项：

　B. must C. "s going to

　D. will 题目 17 Between the 1930s and 50s, several wigwam motels

　_____ in the US. 选择一项：

　A. were built

　B. are being built C. hadn"t been built D. will be built 题目 18 The Wigwam Motel, Arizona

　___ of Native American tents. 选择一项：

　A. is making B. is made

　C. has been made D. were made 题目 19 Kelly said, “I"ve never seen anything like that. v

　Kelly said (that)

　________________________ .(变成间接引语) 选择一项：

　A. she had never seen anything like that

　B. I had never seen anything like that C. she has never seen anything like that D. I have never seen anything like that 题目 20 She told me that she a car since 1990. 选择一项：

　die soon.

　A. wasn, t driving B. hadn"t driven

　C. dicin" t drive D. wouldn* t drive People often

　___

　a club to make new friends. 选择一项：

　A. joins B. join

　C. aren* t joining D. are joining 题目 2 The club* s committee members

　________

　a lot at the moment. 选择一项：

　A. argues B. is arguing C. argue D. are arguing

　题目 3 I phoned them last night but no one answered. They

　___________

　(be) out. 选择一项：

　A. will have been B. can* t have seen C. must have been

　D. couIcin" t have 题目 4 He

　____

　be hungry - he* s just had lunch. 选择一项：

　A. must B. can* t

　C. might D. ought to

　题目 5 The game is complex so you need

　____

　patience to learn it. 选择一项：

　A. not much B. a few D. many 题目 6 There are

　__

　Virtual History games available in 选择一项：

　A. most of B. a little C. much D. a few

　题目 7 You

　___

　make a cake for his birthday. 选择一项：

　A. need B. look forward to C. should

　D. enjoy 题目 8 This is probably the dead

　__________ wallet. 选择一项：

　A. soldiers B. soldier* s

　C. soldiers* D. the soldier* s 题目 9 They

　__

　together for ten months. 选择一项：

　the shop.

　A. have been playing

　B. have playing C. don* t play D. play 题目 10 Colin

　_

　the bass guitarist since Brian left. 选择一项：

　B. has

　been

　C. has been being D. was 题目 11 The police asked me where I

　___

　the night before. 选择一项：

　A. sleep B. slept C. had slept

　D. was sleeping 题目 12 When the judge returned to the courtroom, everyone immediately

　________ up. 选择一项：

　A. stood

　B. stands C. had stood D. was standing 题目 13 We

　___

　forget it"s Dad* s 50th birthday next month. 选择一项：

　A. can* t B. might not C. nustn"t

　D. don"t have to 题目 14 You

　__

　buy a season ticket but a daily ticket is more expensive. 选择一项：

　A. can* t B. shouldn* t C. mustn* t D. don"t have to

　题目 15

　Hurry up! They

　_________

　a group meeting in Room 6 soon. 选择一项：

　A. are having

　B. have had C. have D. may have 题目 16 I think computers

　____

　become more intelligent than humans. I"m sure of it. 选择一项：

　A. probably won* t B. might C. are going to D. will definitely

　题目 17 Today, the motel ___ by members of the same family. 选择一项：

　A. has been managed B. will be managed C. was managed D. is nanaged

　题目 18 Between the 1930s and 50s, several wigwam motels

　_____ in the US. 选择一项：

　A. were built

　B. are being built C. will be built D. hadn* t been built 题目 19 She told me that she a car since 1990. 选择一项：

　A. wouldn* t drive B. wasn* t driving

　C. dicin" t drive hadn"t driven

　题目 20 Kelly said, "I"ve never seen anything like that." Kelly said (that)

　________________________ .(变成间接引语) 选择一项：

　A. I had never seen anything like that B. she had never seen anything like that

　C. I have never seen anything like that D. she has never seen anything like that 题目 1 At the moment, I

　_________

　lots of new friends. 选择一项：

　A. "s making B. make C. makes D. "m asking

　题目 2

　_______

　you

　__________

　the supporters club"s Internet address? 选择一项：

　A. Are …knowing B. Do ••• know

　C. Does — know D. Can …know 题目 3 You

　___

　have seen her at the station - she was at home with me! 选择一项：

　A. mustn* t B. couldn"t

　C. may D. should 题目 4 He

　____

　be hungry - he* s just had lunch.

　选择一项：

　B. ought to C. might D. can"t

　题目 5

　____

　people prefer reality to the virtual world. 选择一项：

　A. Much B. Most

　C. Not any D. A little 题目 6 The best game to buy is

　_____

　Alien Control 3 or Virtual History. 选择一项：

　A. either

　B. none C. some D. any 题目 7 I

　__

　buying her a cookery book for her birthday. 选择一项：

　A. expect B. thought about

　C. might D. manage 题目 8 He asked her __________

　a degree. 选择一项：

　A. did she have B. if she had

　C. does she have D. if she has 题目 9

　Critical Age

　__

　in Japan yet.

　选择一项：

　A. don"t play B. haven* t been playing C. aren* t playing D. haven"t played

　题目 10

　__

　the band

　__

　at the Rock Garden before? 选择一项：

　A. Is …playing B. Does ― play C. Has played

　D. Has …been playing 题目 11 When he crashed the car, he

　_____

　six bottles of beer. 选择一项：

　A. had drunk

　B. drank C. drinks D. was drinking 题目 12 When her brother was in prison, she

　___

　him every month. 选择一项：

　A. visited

　B. had visited C. was visiting D. visits 题目 13 Hey girls,

　____

　you make us some sandwiches? 选择一项：

　A. must B. may

　C. can 题目 14 You

　___

　tell anyone - it* s a secret! 选择一项：

　A. don, t have to B. mustn"t

　C. have to D. must 题目 15 Mrs. Porter* s heart is very weak and she is very ill. The doctors say she

　_____

　die soon. 选择一项：

　A. "s going to

　B. will C. might D. must 题目 16 Let*s not take the children to the science museum - I think they probably

　______ enjoy it. 选择一项：

　A. aren* t going to B. will C. won"t

　D. can 题目 17 The Wigwam Motel, Arizona

　___ of Native American tents. 选择一项：

　A. has been made B. were made C. is making D. is made

　题目 18 The wigwams __ from cloth or animal skins.

　选择一项：

　A. aren* t being made C. hadn"t been made D. aren"t made

　题目 19 Darren said , "I don* t know how it happened." Darren said (that) _______________ .(变成间接引语) 选择一项：

　A. he didn"t know how it happened B. he didn"t knoir hov it had h^)pened

　C. I didn* t know how it happened D. I don* t know how it happened 题目 20 Kelly said, “I"ve never seen anything like that. w

　Kelly said (that)

　________________________ .(变成间接引语) 选择一项：

　A. she had never seen anything like that

　B. I had never seen anything like that C. she has never seen anything like that D. I have never seen anything like that 题目 1 He always

　_________

　the club* s newsletter. 选择一项：

　A. is writing B. write C. doesn* t write D. writes

　题目 2

　________

　you

　_________

　the supporters club* s Internet address? 选择一项：

　A. Are …knowing

　B. Do ••• know

　C. Can …know D. Does …know

　You

　___

　have seen her at the station - she was at home with me! 选择一项：

　A. may B. should C. mustn* t D. couldn* t

　题目 4 I phoned them last night but no one answered. They

　___________

　(be) out. 选择一项：

　A. must have been

　B. can* t have seen C. couldn* t have D. will have been 题目 5 We only had

　_____ before the final. 选择一项：

　A. three days" rest

　B. three day" s rest C. the three rest day D. the rest of three days 题目 6 There are

　__

　Virtual History games available in the shop. 选择一项：

　A. most of B. a little C. much D. a few

　题目 7 We

　__

　to buy some drinks before we get on the train. 选择一项：

　A. think about

　B. need

　C. can

　D. stop 题目 8 He asked her __________

　a degree. 选择一项：

　A. if she had

　B. did she have C. does she have D. if she has 题目 9 They

　___

　which record company to sign a deal with. 选择一项：

　A. haven"t decided

　B. don, t decide C. hasn* t decided D. haven, t been deciding 题目 10 Colin

　__

　the bass guitarist since Brian left. 选择一项：

　A. was B. has been

　C. has been being D. is 题目 11 I

　_

　with friends when someone stole their car. 选择一项：

　A. stayed B. stay C. had stayed D. vas staying

　题目 12 When her brother was in prison, she

　___

　him every month.

　选择一项：

　B. was visiting C. had visited D. visited

　题目 13 Hey girls,

　____

　you make us some sandwiches? 选择一项：

　A. should B. can

　C. must D. may 题目 14 We

　___

　forget it* s Dad"s 50th birthday next month. 选择一项：

　A. mustn"t

　B. don"t have to C. can* t D. might not 题目 15 Hurry up! They

　_________

　a group meeting in Room 6 soon. 选择一项：

　A. are having

　B. may have C. have D. have had 题目 16 Let*s not take the children to the science museum - I think they probably

　_______ enjoy it. 选择一项：

　A. can B. aren* t going to C. will D. won"t

　题目 17

　The motel ___ by the Lewis family in the 1950s. 选择一项：

　A. is being started B. started C. was started

　D. has been started 题目 18 The Wigwam Motel, Arizona

　____ of Native American tents. 选择一项：

　A. were macle B. is making C. is made

　D. has been made 题目 19 Darren said , “I don* t know how it happened." Darren said (that) ________________ .(变成间接引语) 选择一项：

　A. he didn" t know how it had he^pened

　B. I don* t know how it happened C. he didn* t know how it happened D. I didn* t know how it happened 题目 20 She told me that she a car since 1990. 选择一项：

　A. didn, t drive B. wouldn* t drive C. hadn"t driven

　D. wasn* t driving 请同学们从以下口语交流任务中，选择一个口语任务，按照要求在自己的手机或者电脑上进行录音，然后将录制好的 音频文件上传到课程平台。辅导教师根据口语任务的完成质量，给予相应分数。

　口敏流做， 1. Is it a waste of time and money to be fashionable? Record your opinions on the topic and justify them with

　the phrases you learned in Unit 1. (Unit 1/ Speaking an d listening~~Youth groups.)

　2. A 15-year-old boy bullied other children and stole their money and valuables. He insulted teachers and tried to burn down the school. As a result, he was suspended for three weeks. Do you agree or disagree on the punishment given to him? Record your opinions. (Unit 3 /Speaking and Listening — uilty!)

　3. Prepare a presentation on the topic: How will global warming change the way we live in the future? Give at least 3 points in your presentation. (Unit 5/ Speaking and listening■ — Presentation)

　4. What animals do you like best? Why? Record the reasons you like the animal. Eg. I prefer cats - I think they" re very independent: they always do what they want. (Unit 6 /Grammar and reading — Those crazy humans!)

　5. After reading the text, do you agree the octopus is the wisest/most intelligent animal? Can you give us some reasons in your recording? (Unit 6 /Reading and vocabulary —

　s intelligent as…)

　6. Imagine that you work as a personal coach, and you meet someone who is having problems keeping up with English lessons? What advice would you give him or her? Try to record at least three pieces of advice. (Unit 7 /Speaking and Listening■―Be a social success)

　7. Suppose you work for Orraway. Introduce two activities you like most to a customer. Record your introduction and reasons (Unit 8 /Reading - - Orraway Adventure)

　8. Nowadays young people start their first job at a much later age than their parents did. Think about the reasons, the advantages and disadvantages of this? Then record a short presentation on the topic. (Unit 9/Reading and vocabulary^- - Where 2

　 Now)

　9. In which situations do you spend a lot of time getting your appearance right before you go out? Record your answer. (Unit 11/Gramnar and Reading~~Beauty through the ages)

　提示，本任务可通过在线文字转语音网站(htg：//app.xunjiepdf.com/text2mce/)进行英语转语音，完成后 点击下载即可.最后把合成后的 mp3 文件上传到任务二当中.

　D 文字瞒音键蹴 Is it a waste of time and money to be fashionable? Record your opinions on the topic and justify the 已网入 100 字,还崩再斌入吟 形考任务 3 请同学们从以下写作任务中，选择一个写作任务，按照要求在自己的电脑上进行写作，然后将写好的内容上传到课程 平台。辅导教师根据写作任务的完成质量，给予相应分数。

　写作任知 Choose a fashion or style that is popular with a group of people in our country. Write a description of about 200 - 250 words. Paragraph 1: Merit ion the clothes, accessories and make-up they usually wear. Paragraph 2: Merit ion the kind of music they listen to. Paragraph 3:Mention how they typically spend their free time. (Unit 1 /Vocabulary and Writing—fashion trends) Write a letter to a friend with some personal news. Hints : Note down a) the most important things that have happened in your life recently, b) what you want to find out about your friend* s life. Organize your notes into paragraphs. Use vocabulary from Letter C. Write a first draft and then give it to a classmate to check it for errors. Write the finished version of your letter. (Unit 2 / Writing—Personal Letters) 3. Talk about an anti-social behavior(反社会行为)that you dislike the most. You may use the words just learned. Here are some tips for you to follow: (1) what is the behavior? (2)what are the harms it may cause to individuals and the society? (3) what do you think can be done to prevent it? (Unit 3 / Vocabulary—Crimes vs. Justice / vocabulary) 4. "Adolescence is the unhappiest time in most people* s lives. " Write an essay giving arguments for and against this statement and also state your own opinion. (Unit 4/ Writing■— *Girls and boys should be taught in separate schools. " —for and against essay) 5. Now write your own opinion essay：

　It is wrong to kill animals for their fur. Do you agree? Use Train Your Brain and the prompts below to help you. Paragraph 2: My point of view

　First of all — ：

　Moreover/Furthermore … ；Above all … Paragraph 3: Arguments my opponents might use—: Firstly—：

　Next/Secondly …； Why I disagree with these arguments However, in my opinion — (Unit 6 /Writing --- pinion essay) 6. Describe one of famous tourist resorts you know well in China. Remember to: • include the background information describe the good points and bad points about it make a list of things to see and do there (Unit 8 / Writing—escribing places) Write a story of about 200-250 words which ends with the sentence "That was the last time he/she ever saw them. " Use these ideas and to help you. Think of a situation where someone might feel relieved, shocked or disappointed to stop seeing a group of people. Why did the characters not see each other again? Think of your characters* ages. Are they your age, younger or older? Think of the period in history and the place of your story. Think of the best style or formal for your story and decide how you want to begin the story: a) dialogue (direct speech): b) a description of a person c) the history of what had happened before the main part of the story d) a background description of a place, the weather etc e) a dramatic event which is key to the story (Unit 10 / Writing-Make up a story) 8. Read Tips for Describing Appearances below, and try to describe somebody you like very much. Write a description of him/her using at least four sentences. (Unit 11 / Speaking and Vocabulary—Describing appearance) 9. Please write a review of a film you have watched recently. (Unit 12 / Vocabulary and Writing—Writing a Film Review) 10. Rewrite James" s letter to make it more appropriate. Use your answers to Exercise 5 and Train Your Brain to help you. (Unit 14 / Vocabulary and Writing—Writing a Letter of Complaints) 答案如下，（新建一个 d word 文档，把下面文字复制到新建的文档中，最后把该文档上到任务三中）

　Unit 1 fashion trends

　Fashion trends Now young people like Korean clothes, The rise of Korean fashion culture lights up the whole Asian fashion circle. Korean people have a thorou^i analysis of the jx^xilarity of Europe and the United States, and can quickly digest into the most suitable Asian appearance. It* s easy to u nderstand and cheap, so that distinctive labels can be pasted all over the world. Less and less fashion is not suitable for Asians. le should also thank Korean fashion culture for this. The rise of Korean fashion culture lights up the whole Asian fashion co ircle. Korean people have a thoro 岫 analysis of the popularity of Europe and the United States, and can quickly digest into the nost suitable Asian appearance. It* s easy to understand and cheap, so that distinctive labels can be pasted all over the world. Less and less fashion is not suitable for Asians. le should also thank Korean fashion culture for this. In short, vearing Korean clothes has become a fashion . 《社会学概论》形考网络课答案 电破］ 留守族问题 mt 会学分析 在我国快速的社会转型和城市化进程中，人口流动日益麻，越来越多的青壮年农民进城务工，在广大农村也随之产 生了一个特殊的未成年人群体一留守根据《中国 0 2010 年第六次人口普查＞ 样本数据来推算，全国有留守儿 童 5 6102.55 万.留守/憧中普堆存在着学业失教、情感失落等一系列问题，弓 I I 起了社会各界对这个群体的关注，妥善 解决留守）问题已经刻不容鼻请点击观看凤 I 吠视野套年一中国农村留守）

　Ut 实录和视频贵州山区留守 JUtt 实生活，然后，从社会学的角度对留守问息进行分析讨论。

　社会 学视野 下的农村留守/成问 题探析 一、留守童问题产生的背彖及其心理发展现状 留守是指农村地区因父母或单方长期在外打工而被交由父母单方或祖辈、他人来抚养、帔育和管理的 根据权威调查，中国农村目前“留守儿童”数童超过了 0 5800 万人。

　57. 2%的留守儿童是父母一方外出， 42.

　8% 的留 守 J J 成是父母同时外出.留守）憧中的 79. 7%由爷爷、奶奶或外公、外婆抚养，诙的孩子被托付给亲戚、朋友， 7. 3%为不确定或无人监护.随着至济和社会的发展， BMht 市化进度的进一步加快，在相当长的时期内，慵守 的队伍不仅不会缩小，而且必将进一步扩大.这支规模庞大的“留守队伍中的很多孩子，因为家庭生活和教育 的缺陷，健康和安全难以得到保证，无法享受到同龄孩子的花季、第季，有的留守小就染上了诸多不良的社会 风气，有的则因心理长朔压抑而导致了行为的偏差或性格的扭曲，部分则成为让人难以置值的一系列题劣事件的主谋 者或被害人. 留守）正处于青少年情感性格变化的转型时期，长期与父母分离使他们在生理和心理上的需求得不到满足，消 极情绪一直困扰着他们，使其变得自卑、沉默、悲观、孤僻、情绪不稔定，或者表现出任性、暴瞟、憎恨、极墙的心 理特征 ・ 其中，年龄越小的孩子球越是突出，尤其是小学生表现明显，另外，女生比男生更突出.比较突出的心理 问题主 M 有性格孤侏不合群、焦虑与自卑倾向、扭曲心理严重:、人生观与价值观的转变或偏移等.

　二、 社会化程度■响留守）

　LM 心理发展 （_）留守族社会化的赂 个体社会化是个体在社会环虹响下，认识和掌握社会事物、社会标准的过程，通过与社会的互动，学习知识、 价值、技能、动机和适合他们在群体或社会中的地位和角色的过程，个体能够根据社会规蔻来控制和调餐自己的行为, 适应社会生活，得以独立地 • 加社会活动.社会心理学对个体社会化的关注点是个体从“自然人”变成“社会人”的 过程、个体形成独特人格的影响因素，以及个体社会化的内在心理机制.我想，留守心理发展高不开社会化的影 响，社会化是儿童的重要任务,与幼儿期相比，童年期生活的重大变化使的社会交往发生了相应的变化，留守儿 童的心理特征正是在参与群体生活中，对群体的文化、价值、生活方式、特定的社会要求作出的反应时显示出来的异 于别人的心理品质.在社会化的过程中，他们理渐发展了独特的个性和自我，经过时间的推移得到强化而形成稳定的 人格和心理状态. （二）从个体社会化的内容看留守的心理发展 哈岫媵在《人类发展》中将人的一生分为六个阶段，其中，在）憧期，超过游戏学习一些动作技能，学习 与同件建立良好的关系，学习文化知识，发展道" ・ 顺利完成这些早期社会化的任务，其实也是完成该阶段心理发 展的社会任务，需要留守儿童有 f 积极的社会化行为，做出符合社会期待的亲社会性行为.在这个过程中，与社会 生活接触，留守儿童具体需要掌握基本的生活技能如吃饭、穿衣、语言表达等人类量初的行为方式；需赛促使自我观 念的发展，分清自我和非我及两者之间的关系；培养良好的道律品铸和社会角色，使自我心理内容内化.然而，与其 他 JLX 相比，由于受身为留守）皿以及这一身份下存在的很多缺陷的彩响，成长过程中缺乏与社会成员的正常互动交 往经历，于是行为容易产生偏差，暮性循环，由此导致生活技能麝，自我观念模糊，道德够不强，社会角色不到位等, 由此可知，很多社会化任务无法殖利完成.和那些狼孩、腐孩、豹孩类似，难以获得正常人的心理.社会化发展的障 碍和挫折将带来消极的心理反应，产生普遍需夏解决的心理和社会矛盾，这是笔者在理解社会化内容的基础上分析出 来的留守心理发展出现问题的原因. 三、 社会环境彩响留守儿童心理发展 留守儿童心理发展会受到多种因素的麟响，人类行为与社会环境一书中认为，行为是个人生理、心理和社会环境 综合因素下的结果，笔者认为，留）心理发展出现偏搓与其处的社会环境有很大的联系。从宏观上布社会环境涵 盖了家庭、学校、同蝠体、宗数社团、社区环境、传措媒介等所有的组织机构.留守 ）

　）11 作为社会化的主体，其社 会化的效果受社会环境的彩响，不理想的心理特征与社会环境息息相关. <-）家庭功能够响留守）憧的心理发展 家庭教育作为 Jg 长过程中的第f,它的成功与否直接关系到 JUt 今后心理的发展.埃里克森把人格发展分 为八个阶段，其中前五个阶段都是在时期完成的，人格与心理相通，健康的人格有益于心理的健康，可见）

　LM 时 期是多么重夏的 f 阶段.而人格和心理的形成寓不开家庭，家庭是时期最■要的社会化机构，家庭功能的完整, 无形之中使完成社会化要求时拥有亲情力量的支持与指导，社会任务的完成作用下的心理反应也是积极的. 然而，留守儿童的父母长年累月在外打工，他们往往以为给留守孩子买了几件衣膈交清了学 费, 寄回了充足的 生活费，就是自己关爱孩子的全部，很少注肃国孩子在想什么。父母没有扮演好儿童社会化过程中的倾听者、支持者、 理解者、倾者和教育者等角色，留守没有得到基本的亲子教育，这必然导致留守 JLX 没有机会向父母表达自己 的聆受，父母也没有机会向孩子传达感情，长此以往，会导致父母与子女之间产生心理上的隔阂，的丧失来源于 家庭的基本的心理归属和心理依恋，

　这种健康的依恋关系用心理学的术语就是安全型依恋性关系.父母长期在外务工, 这种安全型依恋关系就难以形成.安全够缺失，留守）成可能很长一段时间处于俚恐的状态，认为的东西部 有可能失去.在这种不安全的心毒下，他们很难形成真正健康的成长心本，也使得他们难以形成对周围人的信任感， 因而性格发展容易变做僻.他们会遇到很多困难，因不能得到父母及时的常助和鼓厨，容易陷入自暴自弃的困境. 父母本应该教导儿童生活技能、社会规范，培养生活目标和正确的世界孤人生孤价值观等等，但是留守儿*难 以成这些社会化要求，很容易产生无助、迷茫、失望、自责等消极心理。

　另一方面，由于很多孩子由爷爷奶奶或者外公外婆隔代抚养，有的老人对孩子溺爱放纵，留守几乎生活在无 限制状态下，缺乏正常的积极的曾澈和引导，极易导致心理上的巨大变化和失衡，许多留守常常感到非帽无助， 当留守）港的负面情堵无处倾诉时，很容易形成暴躁、怨恨、自卑和无助的心理，有些）g 会缺乏自信，并在心理 上承担巨大的压力.除此之外，根据社会比较论，每个人都会自觉不自觉地与他人进行比较，尤其是与自己相似的人 进行比较.比较的结果则会强化原来的某种心恣.留守与非留守儿的比较，使他们因缺乏亲情而产生了更多的失 落磨和心理失衡，心理健康存在阴影，很大一 « 分表现出内心封闭、情够冷漠、自卑憎剧、行为孤僻、缺乏交流的主 动性、脾气翳躁、冲动易怒等. （二）同费群体在社会交往中彩响留守的心理发展 同辈群体是个体社会化的一个重要因素，对留守）成心理发展来说，彩响尤为显著正处于心理上的“断乳 期”，他们日益力图独立，都喜欢与问辈在一^而不是父职据调查发现，70%以上的到困难而心理烦恼时，不 是首先与父母商量，而是与同伴商量（包括异性朋友）。同伴群体成为留守主要的活动领域和交往对象之 间交往密切，在交往过程中，是否能建立友谊关系，相互学习社会技能、交往、合作和自我控制，以及体验情靖和进 行认识活动，对的心理发展有着重夏的影响，也影响以后的人际关系发展,而留守体轻常在同伴 团体中处于受排斥的对象，他们在团体中的地位难以被同件团体接纳，在共同活动中他们无法正确进行社会角色的扮 演，这对留守儿童心理发展产生一定的影响，使其在同件团体不能满足交往与归属的需赛 对其身心发展、教育、道 的形成和社会化产生消极的影响， （3）学校在教育过程中彩响留守的心理发展 学校是家庭之外的■主要的社会化主体。学校的角色在于粗成统一来接受国家的正规致育，同时承担了）成 成年前的社会化职责.学校侧重在校时段的教学管理，对留守 J 成的心理关爱难以顾及，与家长的沟通难以实现，对 那些“问少 L3T 难以管理.学习过程有利于）

　LM 的心理发展，在 H 学习的知识的过程中，留守 Jldt 不但心理活动 的内容有了改变，而且各种心理过程也起了变化，但是有的学校注重对学习成绩好的学生的关心，而对成统差或 Tft 的学生态度冷淡，有的学校教宣无效时干脆放任不管，一推了之.在农村地区，学校教育对留守承担的责任更重, 也景关键，但存在的问题也景多.农村学校的者师对学业不佳、擅自选谋的留守）心有抱怨和责怪的情绪，对留守 注度不够，农村学校也没有开设与留守心发展相适应的课程.由于家庭生活的不完整，留守儿童在心理 发展上存在很多困惑和问题，他们没有及时得到学校给予希助和疏导，学校没有起到通过集体的温暖弥补留守孩子亲 子关系的缺失作用.这是笔者从学校的角度浅谈留守）皿心理发展偏差的原因. （4 4 ）大众传媒传递的信息影响留守的心理发展 大众传媒包括广播、电视、报纸、杂志、书籍和网络媒体等，在现代社会中对留守）t ut 的身心成长发生重要彩响。

　一方面，留守 t JUt 大多性格孤僻，对人和事物多表现出消掇和冷漠的恣度，于是往往迷恋媒介交流，通过频繁和长时 间使用媒介来寻求精神上的赋能和满足.久而久之，对媒介信息产生依赖的心理，越来越远再现实社会，加上缺少监 督和有效的引导，

　他们 • 后迷恋上了媒介所建构的虚幻世界而无法自拔，失去与社会的正常互动，这将加深孤僻、自 卑等心理问题.另一方面，随着农村轻济的发展，大众传播媒介在农村普通化，留守儿童得以大范围地接触形形色色 的信息。在大众传播媒介商品化下，媒体为了提高收视率，刻意佩造刺激性内容，如时毫、早恋、打斗、凶杀、网游 等。留守面对这些负能量的信息，加工处理过程中缺少指导童见，自身认知水平有限，无人监管的他们是是容易 滑向思考和理性的弱化的边缘.留守会效伽 I I 介中的信息，追求一种简单、直接、剌设和纵欲的生活方式。在错 误的价值赧念的导向作用下，他们难以理智地辨别媒介信息和理性地评价媒介传播的内容，最终导致他们自己的思想 和行为不符合社会的规范和标准，他们在社会角色扮演中容易出现角色不清、角色失败、角色冲突、 角色紧张、 角色 混消等后果，偏腐社会规范的行为对留守）M LM 的负面影响将强化其消极的心理反应. 形寿任务 2 2 一、单迭 J1 题目 1 在《新教伦理与资木主义精神》中，（）探讨了理性资本主义如何在西方基督教世界兴起的问题。

　选择一项：

　A. 马克思 B. 韦伯

　C. 涂尔干 D. 孔德 题目 2 帕森斯是（ ）的代表人物。

　选择一项：

　A. 社会互动理论 B. 社会冲突理论 C. 结枸功能主义理论 D. 社会交换理论 题目 3 法国著名社会学家（）是经典社会学理论中实证主义传统的集大成者。

　选择一项：

　A. 孔德 B. 韦伯 C. 马克思 D. 涂尔干 题目 4 社会学家（）指出，“社会学的想象力可以让我们理解历史与个人的生活历程，以及两者在社会中的联系二 选择一项：

　A. 帕森斯 B. 米尔斯 C. 吉登斯 D. 马克思 题目 5 在社会学奠基时期，孔德、涂尔干的研究传统与韦伯的研究传统开辟出两个相当不同的社会研究路向。一个路向是实 证主义方法论，另一个路向是（）. 选择一项：

　A. 经验主义方法论 B. 建构主义方法论 C. 主观主义方法论 D. 反实证主义方法论 题目 6 晚辈向长辈传授知识被称为（）

　» 选择一项：

　A. 预期社会化 B. 逆向社会化 C. 继续社会化 D. 再社会化 题目 7 由于原来的社会化失败或已不再适用，需要重新学习社会的价值和行为规范的过程被称为（）

　» 选择一项：

　A. 再社会化 B. 逆向社会化 C. 继续社会化 D. 预期社会化 题目 8 一人身兼数职、顾此失彼、疲惫不...