介词用法

　介词 介词(preposition)：

　：也叫前置词。在英语里，它的搭配能力最强。但不能单独做句子成分，需和名词或代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句）构成介词短语，才能在句中充当成分。

　一、 介词的种类：

　1. 简单介词：about, across, after 等等。

　2. 合成介词：inside, into, outside, throughout, upon, without, within 等。

　3. 短语介词：according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of 等。

　4. 分词介词：considering, including, concerning 等。

　二、介词短语的作用 1. Here is the key to room 1.（作定语）

　2. The book is out of print. 此书已绝版。（作表语）

　3. The umbrella was eventually found behind the door. 雨伞最终在门后面找到。

　（作主语补足语）

　4. She always thinks herself above others.

　她总认为自己比别人更重要。（作宾补）

　5. Thoughts are expressed by means of words. 思想通过语言来表达。（作状语）

　6. To my delight, he has recovered. （独立成分，插入语）

　三、常用介词的基本用法 1. 表时间的介词 （ （1 ）in, on, at; 1）

　in 后常接年，月，周，季节，世纪，上午，下午，晚上，白天等。

　2006,

　 the morning ，

　the afternoon ，

　the evening ，

　the night ,

　the daytime ，

　 the 21st century ，

　 three days （weeks/months)，

　a week （一周），

　 spring ，

　 May，2004 。

　in 指在一段时间之后，用于一般将来时，也可指一段时间之内=within Eg. We’ll be back in three days. 2) on 后跟某日、星期几、某日的朝夕、节日等,即具体某一天及其早、中、晚。

　 Sunday，

　a warm morning in April （四月的一个温暖的上午），

　 a December night （12 月的一个夜晚），

　that afternoon （那天下午），

　 the following night （下一个晚上），

　 Christmas afternoon （圣诞节下午），

　 October 1，1949 ，

　 New Year’s Day，

　 Saturday morning 2）at 后常接几点几分，天明，饭时, 中午/午夜，日出，日落，年龄等。如：

　five o’clock ，

　down （黎明），

　daybreak （天亮），

　 sunrise （日 出）,

　 noon ，

　sunset （日落），

　midnight ，

　the beginning of the month ，

　 that time （那时），

　the age of 15,

　 Christmas （在圣诞节）

　this time of day （在一天的这个时候）,

　 lunchtime（在午餐时间）

　 ( 特别提示): 在表示时间的词（morning , afternoon , evening ; Sunday…）前有 last, next , this , that时，不再用介词. tomorrow, tonight 前也不用介词。

　练习：

　1.___ the morning

　2.___ spring

　 3.___ Monday morning

　4. __ 2002

　 5. ___ a rainy evening

　6.___ the morning of April 10 7. ___ night

　 8. ___3:50

　9.___ this time

　10. ___ March 11. The old man died

　of

　cold ____ a cold night. 12. The railway was opened to traffic ____ April 4, 1985. 13. I often get up early ___ the morning, but ___ Sunday morning, I get up late. 14. My father likes telling us something about his work ___ supper. (2). 表示时间的前后，用 before, ago, after, later 1) before 在......之前, 泛指“从过去起的若干时间以前”，意思是 “距过去某时……以前”“与其……（毋宁）”，常和完成时连用。

　 E.g.

　Wash your hands ________ your dinner.

　He said that his parents had died ten years before．

　 I have never been there before． 2）ago 表示“从现在起的若干时间以前”，意思是“距今……以前”，需和过去时或过去进行时连用。

　E.g. His parents died ten years ago．

　 时间/句子 （用于一般过去时）

　3）

　after 在......之后+

　e.g.：He went home after the meeting.

　 具体时间点（可用于一般将来时,强调过了这个时间之后）

　 e.g.: They will start working after 10 o’clock. 4）

　later 在......之后

　（一段时间+ later）

　E.g.: Our teacher will be back three months later. (3) since, for, from, by+ 时间 1) for+时间段 表示某个动作或状态持续了…时间；句子用完成时 E.g.: They have worked for twenty-four hours. 2) since+时间点 “自从…”（表示动作或状态从过去持续到现在）；句子用完成时 E.g.: I have never met him again since then.

　3)By+时间点

　“到…时候为止”（表示一个动作持续到某个时间点为止）

　+将来的时间点 ； 句子用将来时 E.g.

　The work will be finished by the end of this month.

　+by now

　句子用现在完成时 E.g.

　We have finished the task by now.

　+过去的时间点 ； 句子用过去完成时 E.g.

　By the time I arrived, she had already gone. 4) from+ 时间点

　“从…时候开始” ；根据具体时间状语选择时态 E.g.

　They often work from 7 am. to midnight.

　E.g.

　From then on I decided to become a teacher.

　E.g.

　I will study hard from now on. 即学即练: 1. We have learnt 3000 words _____ the end of this term. 2. He started work ________ eight o’clock. 3. He has worked ______ eight o’clock. 4. I have work ______nearly 10 hours. 5.

　He came here __ 1992, and he has lived here ___ 1992. 6.

　I have known Li Lei __ over five years. 7.

　--- How long has the bookshop been in business?

　 --- _____ 1987. 8.

　It has been three years since he __ (come)here. (4) in, within 1) in：过……时间之后, 表示将来一段时间后或以内。

　E.g.

　Mother will be back in ten minutes. 但如果“in+一段时间”的短语用在过去时态的句子中，则只表示“某段时间以内”的意思。

　E.g.

　He finished the work in five days. 2) within：在……时间之内, 不超过......的范围 E.g.

　I must finish reading the novel within a week. 即学即练：

　1. Mrs Gray will return_______ a week"s time．

　2. I must finish painting the cat _______ five minutes. 3. They worked hard. They finished the work ______2 days at last.

　4. He is out and will be back ___ two hours. (5) 在…之间， between … and..

　在…和…之间

　not … until 直到…才

　 during

　 跟一段时间，在…期间

　 E.g. He didn’t see his uncle ______ 7:45 last night.

　He was doing his lessons _________ 7 and 9 last night.

　 ________ the past years, he has worked hard at

　English.

　2. 表示地点、方位的介词

　(1) at, in 1) at + 小地方(村庄, 小城镇)

　the village ,

　 home,

　the corner of the street 2) in+ 大地方(国家,城市)或某个范围之内

　 Shanghai ,

　 the country,

　 Asia,

　 the world,

　 space,

　 the universe (2) in, on, to

　 in 境内，范围内 on 境外接壤；to 境外分离 ① Guangdong is ____ the east of China. ② North Korea is ____ the east of China. ③ Japan is ____ the east of China. ④ Shanghai lies ___ the east of China and ___ the northeast of Guangdong. ⑤ Hubei is ___ the north of Hunan. ⑥ Fujian is ___ the east of China.

　⑦ China lies ___ the east of Asia and ___ the north of Australia. (3) on, above, over, “ 在…上 上”, up;

　under, below “ 在...... 下” 1) on 指在某物表面上,有接触点

　a book on the table

　2) over 指在某物垂直上方,无接触点,也可指覆盖在某物上, 与 under 相对 E.g.

　Li Ming can’t get sleep. There is light over him. 3）

　under 在......正下方

　E.g.

　There is a cat under the chair. 4)

　above 指在某物的上方即可,不一定是垂直上方 反义词为 below , E.g.

　He lives above me 他住我家楼上(不一定就是头上一间)

　 The temperature today is above zero.今天气温零度以上.

　Class 4 is above ours. 5)

　below 在......下方; “少于”用于表示温度、高度以及有纵向标准可比的情况 E.g. There is a boat below the bridge.

　 It became cold below 20°C. 6)

　up 表示在往上的方向 反义词 down

　 look up to the sky 抬头看天空

　（ （4 ）between, among( 表位置) “ 在….. 之间” ，around 环绕，在...... 周围 1）between 仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也可用between, 如

　 I’m sitting between Tom and Alice.

　 The village lies between three hills.

　2）among 用于三者或三者以上之间。如：

　 E.g. He is the best among the students.

　3）around 环绕，在......周围

　E.g. They sat around the table.

　(5) across, through, 和 和 past“ 通过, 经过” ；along 沿着

　1) across 从表面经过, 如,road, bridge, river

　2) through 从内部空间经过, 如: city, woods, forests, window, gate

　 3) past

　从旁边经过. 4) along

　沿着 E.g. It’s difficult to walk _______ the desert within 3 days.

　 Look! There is a train going _______ the tunnel quickly. I often walk ______ the river. (6) beside, besides, except

　1）beside 意为"在…旁边"，

　He sat beside me. 2）besides 意为"除…之外", 包括在内。

　What do you want besides this?

　3）except 意为"除…之外", 不包括在内

　 They go to work in a week except Saturday. （ （7 ）in the tree, on the tree

　in the tree ,指动物或人等外来的东西在树上， on the tree ,指果实或叶子等树本身长出来的东西 （ （8 ）in the front of, in front of

　in the front of 在...前部(范围内)

　in front of =before 在...前面/方(范围外) E.g.

　There is a big tree ____________ the house.

　 A driver drives ________________ the bus. 3. 其他介词 （ （1 ）by, with, in , on 表示方式, 手段, 工具， 1) by 以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具, 或跟 V-ing 形式. 2) with 表示用 …工具,

　3) in 表示用…方式，用…语言(语调、颜色)等 4) on 表示通过媒介, on the telephone, on the radio, on TV

　Eg.

　He learned Japanese by listening to the radio.

　We Chinese have meals with chopsticks.

　The novel is written in English.

　（2）without 没有，是 with 的反义词

　 E.g.

　I like tea without milk.

　We can’t live ______ air and water. （3）like 像......一样

　 E.g.

　Lucy looks like Lily very much. （4）as 作为

　 E.g.

　She is famous as a singer in China. （5）against 反对，靠着

　 E.g.

　He is against my idea.

　Mr. Li is standing against the blackboard. （6.）about 关于

　 E.g. I’ll tell you all about it.