高中英语最实用构词法

　 构词法

　一. . 类别

　英语构词法主要有：转化法，派生法，合成法。

　二. . 定义与精讲

　1. 转化法

　 英语当中有不少单词是一词多性的，很多时候，同学们只是掌握了其中一种词性，一旦在考试中出现了其他词性就一筹莫展了。其实，大多数的时候，某个单词不同词性的意思是相关的，比如：

　nurse 做动词意为 ________ better 做动词意为 ________ advocate 做名词意为 ________ nest 做动词意为 ________ blanket 做动词意为 ________ branch 做动词意为 ________

　所以，当碰到熟悉的单词出现另一种词性的时候，可以 根据已知的意思进行推断。当然，这只是针对大部分情况，有些情况是无效的，比如：

　strike 做名词意为 ________ sound 做形容词意为 ________ figure 做动词意为 ________

　练习：

　break 做名词意为 ________ partner 做动词意为 ________ shape 做动词意为 ________ harbor 做动词意为 ________ house 做动词意为 ________ detail 做动词意为 ________ target 做动词意为 ________ suspect 做名词意为 ________ witness 做名词意为 ________ harvest 做动词意为 ________ farm 做动词意为 ________ tailor 做动词意为 ________ repeat 做名词意为 ________ price 做动词意为 ________ picture 做动词意为 ________ level 做动词意为 ________ feature 做动词意为 ________ border 做动词意为 ________ say 做名词意为 ________ license 做动词意为 ________ film 做动词意为 ________ silence 做动词意为 ________ peak 做动词意为 ________ top 做动词意为 ________ mirror 做动词意为 ________ mask 做动词意为 ________ mistake 做动词意为 ________

　 注意：上面这些单词较少用到的词性大多数在考纲单词中是没有记载的，但是在考试当中确实是考过的，所以要学会转化，例如 2018 年黄浦区二模选词填空：

　Why India"s Pink City" is a Photographer"s Heaven The city of Jaipur is one of India"s wonders. It ___31_____ some of the country"s most decorative royal palaces-elegant structures designed hundreds of years ago that still attract visitors today.

　A. approach

　 B. architectural

　 C. captured

　D. complicated

　E. defensive

　F. defined

　G. extension

　 H. houses

　I. reflect

　 J. shades

　K. status

　 2. 派生法

　在单词前加 前缀或者在单词后加 后缀构成新词的方法叫派生法。

　1）

　前缀：主要改变单词的意思，很少改变词性 （1）

　否定前缀：

　un-：unlike, unhappy, uncertain dis-：dislike, disappear, disagree mis-（错误；不当）：misunderstand, misbehave, misguide non-（非）：nonstop, nonhuman, nonsmoker de-（反方向的动作）：devalue, deforest, degrade

　il-（加在字母 l 开头的单词之前）：illegal, illogical, illiterate ir-（加在字母 r 开头的单词之前）：irregular, irresponsible, irreversible im-（加在字母 m, p, b 开头的单词之前）：immortal, impossible, imbalance in-（无规律）：inaccurate, incorrect, inability

　（2）

　其他常用前缀 anti-（反；抗）：antivirus, antiwar, antinuclear auto-（自己的；靠自己的）：autobiography, autograph, automatic, automobile bi-（两个）：bilingual, biannual co-（共同；一起）：coworker, cooperate, coexist en-（使……）：enrich, enlarge, enable ex-（前任；向外）：ex-wife, ex-husband, export, exclude fore-（前面的；预先）：forehead, forearm, foresee, forethought im-/in-（向内）：import, include, inhibit inter-（相互）：international, interpersonal, interact micro-（微小的）：microwave, microscope, Microsoft multi-（多的）：multicolor, multinational, multicultural out-（超过）：outnumber, outlive, outweigh over-（过度）：overwork, overreact, overestimate post-（在……之后）：postwar, postgraduate, postseason pre-（在……之前；预先）：prehistory, preschool, preseason sub-（在……下面；次级的）：submarine, subtitle, subtropical, suburb, subconscious super-（超级的；在……上面的）：superman, supermarket, supervise, superstition tele-（远程的）：telescope, telecommunication, television under-（在……下面；不足）：underground, underline, underestimate, underdeveloped

　 2）

　后缀：主要改变单词的词性，构成意思相近的其他词性，少数后缀会改变词义。

　（ （1）

　）

　名词后缀 -ability（able 结尾的单词）, -ibility（ible 结尾的单词）：disability, responsibility -al（加在某些动词后）：proposal, arrival, refusal, approval -an, -ian, -arian（人）：American, technician, librarian, vegetarian -er, -or, -ar（动作的发出者）：employer, visitor, beggar -ee（动作的承受者）：trainee, employee, interviewee -hood（时期；性质；状态；……的集体；……的实例）：childhood, likelihood, neighborhood, falsehood -ion, -ition, -ation, -sion（de 或者 d 结尾的动词变名词都是把 de/d 变成 sion）, -ssion, -ification（用于 ify 结尾的动词）

　：action, competition, consideration, expansion, admission, identification, application -ism（主义；单纯变名词）：capitalism, socialism, Buddhism, criticism -ology（学科）：biology, geology, psychology -ist （……的主义者；专业人士）：materialist, capitalist, socialist, scientist, naturalist -ty, -ity（性质）：safety, loyalty, cruelty, equality, complexity, intensity -ment：commitment, requirement, encouragement -ness：eagerness, happiness, loneliness -ship（关系；性质；身份；资格；技能；技艺）：friendship, hardship, citizenship, membership, craftsmanship -ure：exposure, failure, pressure

　（ （2）

　）

　动词后缀：

　：

　-en（使……变得）：weaken, sharpen, widen, tighten -ify（使……化）：simplify, purify, beautify -ize/-ise（使……化）：realize, generalize, industrialize

　（ （3）

　）

　形容词后缀：

　-able/-ible（可……的）：acceptable, eatable, reversible, sensible -al（……的；与……有关的）：musical, magical, historical -ant/-ent：resistant, tolerant, different, dependent -ful（有……的）：careful, delightful, respectful -less（没有……的）：careless, speechless, homeless -ic/-ical：economic, historic, scientific, economical, historical -ish/-ive（具有……性质的）：selfish, childish, active, attractive -like（像……的）：childlike, dreamlike, womanlike -ly（加在名词后“具有……性质的”）：daily, monthly, orderly, manly, timely, lovely -ous/-ious（具有……性质的）：dangerous, poisonous, spacious, suspicious -some（产生……的；引起……的）：troublesome, tiresome -ward（朝向……的）：eastward, downward, backward -y（有……的）：rainy, risky, sleepy

　（ （4）

　）

　副词后缀 -ly：happily, sadly, amgrily -ward/-wards（朝向）：eastward, downward, backward

　3）

　合成法：即两个单词组合在一起成为一个新单词。下面只说几种重要的：

　（1）名词+动词+er：church-goer, pain-killer, dish-washer

　（2）名词+现在分词：English-speaking, time-consuming, breath-taking

　（3）形容词+名词+ed：absent-minded, warm-hearted （4）副词+过去分词：well-dressed, well-prepared, well-informed, newly-built, newly-released

　练习 ：写出下列单词的中文意思 network v. ________ understate ________ inseparable ________ inexcusable ________ balloon v. ________ nationalize ________ materialism ________ outward-looking ________ affordable ________ unforgettable ________ misidentify ________ sharpen ________ likelihood ________ thicken ________ normalize ________ pleasurable ________ weaken ________ subconscious ________ unbanked ________ energize ________ unimaginable ________ minimize ________ sustainable ________ classify ________ capitalistic ________ decompose ________ recyclable ________ manageable ________ memorable ________ disastrous ________ interwoven ________ application ________ transform ________ indefinable ________ unmarketable ________ nonessential ________ feasibility ________ invariably ________ overeat ________ restaurant-goer ________ randomize ________ unexpected ________ involuntary ________ simplify ________ unforgiven ________ disrespectful ________ immoral ________ generalize ________ stabilize ________ reversible ________ overestimate ________ supervise ________ inaccessible ________ dramatize ________ approachable ________ disqualify ________ underperform ________ overbalance ________ maximize ________ no-brainer ________ stressor ________ fully-furnished ________ poorly-equipped ________ ideally-suited ________ newly-decorated ________ overstate ________ undervalue

　________ irreversible ________ misplace ________ quicken ________ unbelievable ________ long-suffering ________ ever-lasting ________ life-threatening ________ standardize ________ interrelated ________ enrich ________ purify ________ indefinite ________ profitable ________ originality ________ objectivity ________ creativity ________ flexibility ________

　 disapproval ________ inextinguishable ________ incurable ________ intolerable ________ lawmakers ________ ill-intentioned ________ fully-prepared ________ well-established _______ narrowly-applied ________ publicize ________ uncivilized ________ imperfection ________ reproducible ________ unspoiled ________ intensify ________ hardship ________ antisocial ________ antifreeze n. ________ co-author ________ foreword ________ foretell ________ microchip ________ outgrow ________ post-00s ________ post-Modernism ________ preheat ________ substandard ________ subtopic ________ preservationist ________ ownership ________